The Nigerian education system, particularly at the tertiary level, has traditionally placed a heavy emphasis on rote learning, a method that prioritises memorisation over critical thinking and practical application. While the acquisition of theoretical knowledge is undoubtedly important, it becomes a disservice when not paired with practical experiences that allow students to apply what they’ve learned in real-world situations. The result of this is a growing disconnect between what students know and what they can actually do.
One of the core reasons for this gap lies in the outdated curriculum adopted by many institutions. Often designed years, if not decades ago, these curricula fail to reflect the rapidly evolving global landscape. For example, a computer science student might be taught obsolete programming languages or software that have little relevance in today’s tech-driven world. Engineering students might focus heavily on mathematical formulas without ever stepping into a well-equipped laboratory to test their knowledge. The world is changing at breakneck speed, but most Nigerian curricula often stand still.
Furthermore, the lack of functional infrastructure in many universities exacerbates this problem. Laboratories are either non-existent or poorly equipped, technical workshops are underfunded, and innovation hubs remain a dream for most institutions. How can students practice what they’ve learned when the tools they need are simply not available? Imagine training a doctor without a hospital or a journalist without access to recording equipment, the outcome is predictable and problematic.
Another glaring issue is the weak link between universities and industries. In many developed countries, tertiary institutions work closely with industries to design curricula, offer internships, and run mentorship programmes that ensure students gain practical experience before they graduate. Unfortunately, this synergy is largely absent in Nigeria. Industrial training programmes (IT) or Student Industrial Work Experience Schemes (SIWES), where they exist, are often poorly organised, with students left to fend for themselves in securing placements. Some end up in irrelevant roles, working in places that have no connection to their field of study simply because they need to tick a box.
Additionally, the overemphasis on certification rather than competence has played a huge role in widening the theory-practice gap. In Nigeria, academic success is often measured by how well a student can reproduce what they’ve memorised in exams, rather than how effectively they can solve real-life problems. As a result, many graduates leave university with impressive grades but struggle to translate their theoretical knowledge into practical solutions.
So, how can this gap be bridged? Firstly, there is an urgent need for curriculum reform. Universities must overhaul their programmes to ensure they reflect the current realities of each field. This means working closely with industry experts, policymakers, and professional bodies to create a curriculum that is not just rooted in theory but balanced with practical components. For instance, computer science departments should include courses on emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, data science, and blockchain, while engineering faculties should prioritise hands-on projects and collaboration with manufacturing firms.
Beyond the curriculum, the government and private sector must invest in building and maintaining modern facilities in tertiary institutions. Functional laboratories, tech hubs, simulation centres, and well-equipped workshops are essential in creating an environment where students can test their theoretical knowledge and develop practical skills. Without these resources, even the best-designed curriculum remains an empty promise.
Strengthening partnerships between universities and industries is another crucial step. Industries should not be distant entities that students only interact with after graduation; they should be active collaborators throughout the learning journey. Internship programmes need to be structured, monitored, and meaningful, allowing students to gain real-world experience in their chosen fields. Universities should also invite industry leaders to give guest lectures, mentor students, and provide input on academic programmes to ensure they remain relevant.
Moreover, lecturers themselves need continuous professional development. Many university professors rely solely on theoretical knowledge gained during their own studies, with limited exposure to the current realities of their fields. Encouraging academic staff to take part in industry workshops, sabbaticals in relevant organisations, or collaborative research projects will not only sharpen their skills but also better prepare them to bridge the gap between theory and practice for their students.
Students, too, have a role to play. While systemic changes are necessary, students must adopt a proactive approach to their education. Relying solely on classroom knowledge is no longer enough. They must seek out internships, enrol in online courses to learn new skills, join professional organisations, and network with industry experts. In the age of the internet, learning extends far beyond the lecture hall.
It is also crucial to redefine how academic success is measured. Rather than focusing purely on grades, universities should place more emphasis on practical projects, problem-solving tasks, and innovation competitions. Students should graduate not just with certificates but with portfolios showcasing their real-world accomplishments — a business plan they developed, a software they created, or a scientific experiment they conducted.
Ultimately, closing the gap between theory and practice in Nigerian tertiary institutions is not an overnight task. It requires a collective effort from the government, educational bodies, industries, lecturers, and students. The future of Nigeria’s workforce depends on it. Without practical knowledge, graduates are left stranded in a world that demands not just what you know, but what you can do.
As the global educational landscape evolves, Nigeria must rise to the challenge by transforming its universities into centres of innovation, critical thinking, and hands-on learning. The goal is simple yet vital: to produce graduates who are not just academically sound but practically equipped to drive progress and tackle real-world challenges. Only then can the nation truly unlock the potential of its young minds and secure a brighter future for all.
