Natural disasters, such as the recurring wildfires in California, leave behind not only charred landscapes but also significant long-term health consequences. While the immediate toll includes loss of life and property, the hidden and often underreported impacts on human health—such as cancer and other chronic diseases—demand urgent attention. For developing countries, these events provide valuable lessons, particularly as climate change continues to exacerbate the frequency and severity of such disasters.
Health Impacts of Wildfires
Wildfires are increasingly recognized as significant sources of air pollution, releasing a complex mix of harmful substances, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These pollutants can penetrate deep into the respiratory system, leading to immediate health issues such as asthma, bronchitis, and cardiovascular events. A systematic review highlighted the strong association between wildfire smoke exposure and respiratory health problems, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and increased hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular conditions (Alman et al., 2016; Reid et al., 2016; DeFlorio-Barker et al., 2019). Specifically, PM2.5 from wildfires has been shown to be particularly harmful due to its ability to reach the alveolar region of the lungs, exacerbating existing health conditions and leading to acute health crises (Lopez, 2023; Aguilera et al., 2021).
Long-term exposure to these pollutants can significantly increase the risk of chronic diseases, including various forms of cancer. Carcinogenic compounds such as benzene and formaldehyde, which are prevalent in wildfire smoke, have been linked to elevated cancer risks. Studies have documented that inhalation of these VOCs can lead to increased incidences of lung cancer and other malignancies (Dickinson et al., 2022; Cascio, 2018). Vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions, are disproportionately affected by these exposures, as their respiratory systems may be less capable of handling the toxic load (Reid et al., 2016; Cascio, 2018).
Moreover, chronic exposure to wildfire smoke has been associated with serious cardiovascular complications, including heart attacks and strokes. Research indicates that exposure to wildfire smoke correlates with increased non-traumatic mortality rates, particularly among older adults and those with pre-existing health issues (Doubleday et al., 2020; DeFlorio-Barker et al., 2019). The health impacts extend beyond physical ailments; they also encompass mental health challenges. Individuals exposed to wildfire smoke have reported heightened levels of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which can further compromise overall health and well-being (Reid et al., 2016; Cascio, 2018). The interplay between physical and mental health effects underscores the need for comprehensive public health strategies to mitigate the impacts of wildfire smoke on affected populations.
The health implications of wildfire smoke are profound and multifaceted, involving immediate respiratory and cardiovascular effects, long-term chronic disease risks, and mental health challenges. As wildfires become more frequent and intense due to climate change, understanding and addressing these health risks is crucial for protecting vulnerable communities.
Lessons for Developing Countries
For countries with limited healthcare infrastructure, the compounded effects of natural disasters and their health implications pose a significant challenge. As developing nations continue to urbanize and experience the effects of climate change, the following lessons from California’s wildfires become critical. Emerging tools like satellite imagery, AI-driven predictive models, and IoT sensors can detect potential wildfire risks. These systems provide early warnings, allowing for timely evacuation and resource mobilization. Developing countries must integrate disaster response plans with public health strategies, ensuring that healthcare facilities are equipped to handle respiratory, cardiovascular, and cancer-related cases post-disaster. Proactive measures such as controlled burns, afforestation, and the development of fire-resistant infrastructure can mitigate the risks of wildfires. Public awareness campaigns about the dangers of wildfire smoke and preventive measures (e.g., wearing masks, using air purifiers) are crucial in reducing exposure.
Emerging Tools for Detection, Prediction, and Mitigation
Advances in technology offer hope in combating the dual threats of wildfires and their health impacts. AI-powered tools can analyze weather patterns, vegetation dryness, and historical wildfire data to predict potential fire outbreaks with high accuracy. Platforms like Google’s AI-based wildfire tracker have demonstrated success in providing early alerts. Satellites such as NASA’s MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and Sentinel-2 provide real-time monitoring of fire hotspots, helping to assess risks and coordinate responses. Portable air quality monitors and community-based networks can track PM2.5 levels, enabling timely interventions to minimize exposure to hazardous pollutants.
Mobile apps and geospatial tools can guide evacuation efforts, ensuring that vulnerable populations are relocated to safer areas quickly and efficiently. Leveraging climate-resilient technologies, including fire-resistant materials and green building designs, can minimize the environmental and health impacts of wildfires.
The Way Forward
Natural disasters like California’s wildfires underscore the urgency for a coordinated global response to climate change and its health impacts. For developing countries, the lessons from these disasters highlight the need for investment in resilient healthcare systems, advanced technologies, and community preparedness. By adopting proactive strategies and leveraging emerging tools, nations can not only mitigate the impacts of natural disasters but also protect their populations from long-term health consequences like cancer and chronic diseases.
The intersection of disaster management and public health presents a critical opportunity for global collaboration. As we continue to face the realities of a changing climate, fostering innovation and sharing knowledge across borders will be essential in building a healthier, more resilient future for all.
References:
-
- Aguilera, R., Corringham, T., Gershunov, A., & Benmarhnia, T. (2021). Wildfire smoke impacts respiratory health more than fine particles from other sources: observational evidence from southern california. Nature Communications, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21708-0
- Alman, B., Pfister, G., Hao, H., Stowell, J., Hu, X., Liu, Y., … & Strickland, M. (2016). The association of wildfire smoke with respiratory and cardiovascular emergency department visits in colorado in 2012: a case crossover study. Environmental Health, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0146-8
- Cascio, W. (2018). Wildland fire smoke and human health. The Science of the Total Environment, 624, 586-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.086
- DeFlorio-Barker, S., Crooks, J., Reyes, J., & Rappold, A. (2019). Cardiopulmonary effects of fine particulate matter exposure among older adults, during wildfire and non-wildfire periods, in the united states 2008–2010. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(3). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp3860
- Dickinson, G., Miller, D., Bajracharya, A., Bruchard, W., Durbin, T., McGarry, J., … & Johnston, N. (2022). Health risk implications of volatile organic compounds in wildfire smoke during the 2019 firex‐aq campaign and beyond. Geohealth, 6(8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gh000546
- Doubleday, A., Schulte, J., Sheppard, L., Kadlec, M., Dhammapala, R., Fox, J., … & Isaksen, T. (2020). Mortality associated with wildfire smoke exposure in washington state, 2006–2017: a case-crossover study. Environmental Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-020-0559-2
- Lopez, A. (2023). Metal toxin threat in wildland fires determined by geology and fire severity. Nature Communications, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43101-9
- Reid, C., Bräuer, M., Johnston, F., Jerrett, M., Balmes, J., & Elliott, C. (2016). Critical review of health impacts of wildfire smoke exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(9), 1334-1343. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409277
This is so real! We always hear about homes and forests being destroyed by wildfires but the long term health effects are not discussed enough, and they are just as scary. Prior to reading this, I had no idea smoke from wildfires could cause dementia and cancer. If developed countries with better health systems struggle with this, I can only imagine how bad it is for developing countries like my country Nigeria. Governments need to take this seriously, both in terms of climate change policies and preparation for future disaster.
I’ve always said it that climate change isn’t just an environmental issue, it’s a public health issue too. Thank you for putting my thoughts in words. The link between smoke and cancer and cardiovascular disease is terrifying. And a lot of countries don’t even have air quality monitoring systems in place. I hope more people push for investments in healthcare and early warning systems. It’s frustrating how we have all this research but there’s still no real solutions.
I knew these disasters had health risks, but cancer?? I always thought wildfires were just an environmental issue but the human impact is crazy! 21% increased risk of dementia from smoke exposure?? I think more people need to be aware of this. This makes me think twice about air pollution in general not just from wildfires. I think the WHO needs to come in at some point. Some policies need to be put in place!
Another reminder that climate change is killing us in ways we don’t even realize. If you ask me, I think people in developing countries contribute the least to global emissions yet they suffer the most when disasters strike. It’s depressing. And the fact that people can suffer lifelong health issues? Just heartbreaking. Governments needs stopping deforestation, invest in clean energy and protect this weaker communities from the heavy impacts.
I live in a wildfire zone and I’m moving out soon. This article opened my eyes. The health risks are way bigger than I thought. Honestly, we need better planning and resources to protect people from these long term effects and I don’t think anyone is working towards it.
I’m a mom of three and this is freaking me out. Wildfires are bad enough but knowing they could affect my kids health in years to come is even worse. We need more awareness and action on this issue.
I was researching for an assignment when I saw this article and I’m so happy because it’s so relevant to my environmental science assignment. I never even thought about how wildfires could increase cancer risks. Scary but important to know. I’ll include this in my assignment and bring this up in our next discussion. Thank youuu!
As a hiker I love the outdoors but this article is a sobering reminder of how destructive nature can be. The health effects of wildfires are something we all need to take seriously. It’s not just about the environment, it’s about our health too. Thank you for this article, I would be sharing with my friend, he needs to read this!
Air pollution from wildfires really stood out for me. I had no idea how much toxic stuff is released into the air and how it can last for years. Scary to think I’m breathing in smoke today and maybe get cancer or lung issues down the line. Developing countries need to take this serious, air quality monitoring should be a priority
This article made me think about how disasters hit vulnerable communities the hardest. People in developing countries don’t have access to healthcare and now wildfires could make things worse. It’s not just about rebuilding after a disaster, it’s about protecting people’s health for years to come. We need global support to address this.
I had no idea wildfire smoke contains so many harmful chemicals. benzene and formaldehyde are known carcinogens and people are breathing them in during wildfires. Sighhh…. It’s a huge public health risk that needs more attention especially in places with weak healthcare systems.
While the article focuses on physical health, As a mental health advocate, I couldn’t help but think about the mental toll of wildfires too. Losing your home and then worrying about the possibilities of being diseased? That’s a lot to handle. Every country need mental health support as part of their disaster recovery plans.
I thought wildfires were short term problem but this article changed my mind. The idea that they can cause cancer and other diseases years later is terrifying. It’s a reminder natural disasters don’t just destroy property, they destroy lives in ways we can’t see right away
This isn’t what we talk about much, the long-term health impact of wildfires. We see the flames and destruction on TV and social media, but the tiny particles we don’t see are the more deadly stuff we ought to be more concerned about. Alarming how exposure to PM2.5 and VOCs can increase cancer and respiratory diseases, yet recovery plans only focus on rebuilding homes. Developing countries where healthcare systems are already weak will struggle even more. If richer countries struggle with these health effects, what hope for poorer regions? Great article btw!
I’ve always told my students that wildfires go beyond just burning forests. Toxins are released in the air, soil and water, affecting ecosystems and human health long after the fire is out. What’s worrying is many developing countries don’t have the infrastructure to monitor or combat pollution. If the US struggles with wildfire air quality, imagine places with no regulation, say Haiti for example. This article is a call to action, we need stronger environmental policies not just for fire prevention but for long term health effects. Will share with my students
One of the big takeaways here is how underprepared most countries are for the long term health effects of disasters. We always hear about immediate responses (evacuations, food aid, temporary shelters) but what about the years of exposure to toxic air and contaminated water? Governments in developing countries need to focus on long term solutions i.e better air quality regulations, health monitoring programs and emergency response systems that go beyond just rescue operations. If wildfires are more frequent due to climate change, why aren’t policies changing fast enough? This article raises questions that should be part of disaster planning for countries around the world.
I never thought about wildfires like this before. We just see pictures of smoke and flames but what about the people breathing in that toxic air for years? Scary to realize cancer and other diseases can be linked to disasters that happened years ago. What is worse is that, in many developing countries people may never even know the cause of their illnesses. No data, no health studies, just silent suffering and they would even link some of these disease to spiritual causes. Mannn, thank you for writing this, this article opened my eyes to how disasters don’t just end when the fire is out. More people need to be talking about this for real
love this. I never thought about the long term impact of wildfires but never mind the short term harm. Something happening today can affect people’s lives years from now. Preventing and being prepared is key for developing countries to save lives and health. I’ve been concerned about air quality a lot lately and this article just made me more worried tbh. Wildfire smoke causing cancer and other diseases is scary. It’s not just about the environment its about our health. Developing countries must prioritize clean air and disaster preparedness for their people
I’m a public health student in my final year of Uni, this article was an eye opener. I never knew wildfires can lead to long term health issues like cancer. A reminder that natural disasters don’t just do damage in the short term they leave scars. Read about the California incident, and I think developing countries must learn from California and invest in better disaster response and health systems
This article hits so close to home on how our health and the environment are interconnected. Wildfires don’t just destroy land they release toxins that can harm people for years to come. Developing nations must address this before it gets worse. We need international action to prevent disasters and protect vulnerable populations.
As a parent, this article totally stressed me out. Wildfires are already super scary, but thinking they could mess with my kids’ health down the line is even scarier. We really need to do something and protect our communities, most especially in third world countries where they have little resources. This isn’t just about the environment, it’s a big health issue that must be looked into
Wow! I never really thought deep on how wildfires are connected to delayed cancer diagnoses until now. The piece is spot on about disrupted screenings and resource diversion in crises. But I just thought, what about telemedicine? What role can it play in bridging gaps? Maybe tech can help developing regions monitor diseases post-disaster. But again, thinking about it, without reliable internet/power it’s like putting a band-aid on a bullet wound lol.
As someone who lived through wildfires, this resonates deeply with me. The trauma isn’t just physical, it’s mental and communal. But I wish this article talked more about grassroots solutions. Local NGOs in developing countries often lead recovery efforts but they are often sidelined in global discussions. I think another way to go about this, is to amplify their strategies, I mean for the NGOs. Real change starts with listening to affected communities and funding grassroots solutions, not just implementing top-down policies that would probably have no effect at the end of the d
I’d genuinely like to see more data on how soil and water contamination post-disasters accelerates conditions like cancer and other diseases. Developing nations need researche like this to adapt. prevention isn’t just about firefighting but a system that functions and is ever prepared for unfortunate events like wildfires.
I think developed countries that have combated natural disaster should be willing to give a roadmap to developing countries on how they did it. I live in nigeria and i recently checked online to see if the california wildfire has been contained and i realized it has been, after just a few weeks. I trust my country nigeria, things like this would not be combated easily. Sometimes, it’s not because of the government, it’s simply because we don’t have a direct roadmap on what to do in such situations and this applies to developing countries around the world.
The article talks about the health impacts of PM2.5 and VOCs but doesn’t talk about how these pollutants interact with already existing air pollution in developing countries. In cities where the baseline pollution is already high, adding wildfire smoke would definitely make things worse. Imagine what the combination of wildfire smoke and industrial gas can cause? It can cause oxidative stress to human cells and accelerate chronic diseases. This is an area that needs more research especially in rapidly urbanizing regions like Southeast Asia and West Africa
I survived a wildfire in 2023 and I can tell you the mental health toll is way worse than people realize. Yes the physical symptoms like coughing and headaches are bad but the constant anxiety of not knowing if your home will be there tomorrow is crushing. Even two years later I still panic when I smell smoke. The article mentions PTSD but it doesn’t capture the day to day emotional exhaustion of living through something like this. We need more mental health resources
Read through this article and I stopped where it mentioned AI and satellites being used for wildfire prediction. Great article, but I think the writer missed a point, see, these technologies are useless without political will. I believe we’ve had the tools to combat climate change for years but crude oil lobbying and short term economic interests keep blocking real progress. Wildfires are a symptom of a much larger problem which is our addiction to carbon. Until we address the root cause, no tech in the world would save us lol.
Developing countries need more than just early warning systems; they need funding and infrastructure to act on those warnings. The article mentions IoT sensors and AI but who’s going to pay for these technologies in third world countries? Let’s even put aside the government’s corruption and embezzlement. The global community has to step up. Climate change is a shared crisis and wealthier countries have a moral obligation to support those most vulnerable. We need more than empty promises are climate change summit
AI prediction tools sound great until you realize most fire-prone areas don’t even have reliable WiFi. Google’s wildfire tracker? Useless if you’re in a rural area with bad network and barely any Internet access. Maybe invest in basics like emergency sirens first. .
ER nurse here, wildfire season is now our busiest season alongside flu seasons. The article perfectly explains the respiratory stuff, but it’s worse: we get elderly patients who seem fine until their O2 drops out of nowhere. And the mental health side? Had a guy last week with a panic attack because the smell of smoke triggered memories of losing his house in 2020. The system’s not built for this volume of chronic + trauma cases.
AI prediction tools sound great until you realize most fire-prone areas don’t even have reliable WiFi. Google’s wildfire tracker? Useless if you’re in a rural area with bad network and barely any Internet access. Maybe invest in basics like emergency sirens first. .
Another article about how bad wildfires are, cool. We get it. But all this ‘global response’ talk means nothing when my town still uses the same 30-year-old fire trucks. Maybe if half the disaster funds didn’t vanish into bureaucracy, we’d actually have resources. Also, ‘wear masks’? After COVID, good luck convincing people to do that again. Most folks here won’t even evacuate until they see flames.
Okay, maybe not so related , but how do you think schools will handle wildfire? Your article mentioned how kids are also vulnerable, but what is the actual plan? Are we going to just cross our fingers and hope that the HVAC systems work? I’ve had to keep mine home multiple times because the air quality was worse inside than out. While we look at things from the grand scheme of things, we should also look at the seemingly little things like this: where’s the funding for proper air filtration in classrooms?