Language is a living entity, constantly evolving and adapting to the needs and realities of its speakers. In recent years, Nigerian English has become a fascinating example of how a localised variety of a global language can resonate far beyond its borders. This evolution reached a new milestone when 20 Nigerian words and expressions were officially added to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) in its latest update. These terms, rooted in Nigeria’s vibrant culture, Pidgin English, and street slang, are a testament to the country’s linguistic creativity and its growing global influence. From the ubiquitous “japa,” which encapsulates the phenomenon of mass emigration, to “agbero,” a term describing the notorious touts that dominate Nigerian motor parks, these words reflect the social, economic, and cultural realities of Nigeria.
The Words That Made the Cut
The new additions include a mix of everyday terms, cultural references, and uniquely Nigerian expressions. Among the notable entries are:
Japa: Defined as the emigration of Nigerians to other countries, often in search of better opportunities. The term has become particularly relevant in recent years, reflecting a wave of young Nigerians leaving the country. “Japa” and “jand,” appear as both nouns and verbs in the dictionary.
Agbero: Referring to touts who operate at bus stops, car parks, or market areas, this word captures a ubiquitous and often controversial aspect of urban Nigerian life.
Eba: A staple food made from garri (cassava flakes), widely consumed across Nigeria.
419: A term associated with fraud schemes, particularly those involving advance payment scams, popularised by references to Section 419 of the Nigerian Criminal Code.
Abi: A conversational word used to affirm or question a statement, akin to saying “right?” or “isn’t it?”
Other entries include adire (a traditional tie-dye fabric), gele (headgear worn by women), suya (spiced grilled meat), yahoo (internet fraud), and yarn dust (to talk nonsense), area boy (lout), cross-carpet, cross-carpeting, jand (noun, verb), janded (adjective), Kanuri, Kobo, Naija, suya, Yahoo, Yahoo boy and Yarn Dust.
The Journey to Global Recognition
The inclusion of these words in the OED did not happen overnight. It was the result of meticulous research and documentation by linguistic experts and cultural consultants. Kingsley Ugwuanyi, a Nigerian English consultant to the OED, played a key role in drafting these entries and recording their pronunciations. In a LinkedIn post, Ugwuanyi expressed his excitement, stating:
“The latest updates reflect Nigeria’s culture, creativity, and the unique ways we express ourselves as Nigerians. It’s an honour to see our language gaining global recognition.”
The pronunciation guides provided with the entries ensure that non-Nigerians can accurately articulate the words, further enhancing their global accessibility.
The Cultural Significance
These additions are more than just linguistic milestones; they represent a cultural triumph. Nigerian English, with its rich blend of Pidgin, local languages, and British English influences, is a dynamic reflection of the country’s identity. The incorporation of these words into the OED validates the uniqueness of Nigerian English as a legitimate variety of the language.
Moreover, it highlights how language serves as a mirror of societal trends. Terms like “japa” and “419” speak to economic and social realities, while “adire” and “gele” celebrate Nigeria’s cultural heritage. The inclusion of food items like “eba” and “suya” underscores the role of cuisine in shaping national identity.
Why It Matters
The global recognition of Nigerian English words in a prestigious dictionary like the OED has implications beyond language. It signals a growing acceptance of African contributions to global culture and a dismantling of linguistic hierarchies that have traditionally favoured Western norms.
For Nigerians, this milestone is a source of pride. It affirms the validity of their linguistic expressions and fosters a sense of ownership over their unique form of English. For the world, it provides a richer understanding of Nigeria’s culture, history, and lived experiences.
The Future of Nigerian English
As Nigerian English continues to evolve, it is likely that more words and phrases will gain international recognition. The addition of these 20 terms sets a precedent for other African countries to document and celebrate their linguistic contributions. It also encourages a more inclusive approach to the English language, one that acknowledges its global diversity.
The inclusion of 20 Nigerian words in the Oxford English Dictionary is more than a linguistic update; it is a celebration of Nigeria’s cultural richness and creativity. These words, rooted in everyday life, tell stories of resilience, innovation, and identity. As Nigerian English continues to shape the global linguistic landscape, it serves as a reminder of the power of language to bridge cultures and inspire connection.
